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Describe the military, political, and economic advantages and disadvantages of the British and the American armies leading up to and during the war.
Describe the military, political, and economic advantages and disadvantages of the British and the American armies leading up to and during the war.
What were the major battles of the war and which is considered the turning point and why? Who were the major Generals of the war?
What was the role of women and African Americans (free and enslaved) during the war? What were the effects of the war on the colonists?
What were the major features
of the Articles of Confederation? Why were the AOC inadequate for the new
nation (included foreign affairs issues & domestic affairs issues)? What
were some achievements of the AOC?
What were the beliefs of the Federalists and the Antifederalists? Which of the Founding Fathers were Federalists and which were Anti-Federalists? What did they each want to achieve with regard to a Constitution? Address the forces that shaped their views (ex. Shays's Rebellion).
With regard to the Constitution, how did it differ from the Articles? Who is called the father of the Constitution? Why? When was it written and finally adopted?
What was the role of African Americans during the war?
ReplyDeleteAt the beginning of the war many colonists were concerned with the loyalty of enslaved African Americans. As news of the revolution spread to blacks, many began to escape. The initial policy of the Continental Army was to exclude blacks from the army, despite the fact that they had fought side-by-side with their white counterparts at the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill. In November of 1775 Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, declared any slave willing and able to bear arms join the British army. Within a month of this proclamation 300 black men had joined Dunmore’s Ethiopian regiment. These servants and slaves were used as spies, soldiers and sailors and granted freedom in return. In the end the British Army was a great instrument in the emancipation of African Americans, freeing tens of thousands of blacks, most made their way to Canada or the West Indies. As a result of the announcement by Lord Dunmore, General Washington reversed the original policy of not allowing Blacks to serve in the military and Congress approved. Slaves and free blacks who wanted to serve in the military were often excluded; whites were unwilling to exchange freedom for military service. By 1777, this began to change as the need for soldiers grew. Some masters even sent their slaves as a substitute for themselves. Two states, South Carolina and Georgia, held out completely against the policy of African Americans in the military. Massachusetts organized two all black companies and Rhode Island had one company. It is estimated that 5,000 African Americans served in the Continental Army, state militias, or at sea.
The fates of black Loyalists at the end of the war varied. As mentioned many thousands were freed. Others were not so fortunate, such as the four thousand former slaves abandoned by General Cornwallis in Virginia, and many black Loyalists boarded ships on British-controlled ports expecting freedom only to be sold back into slavery in the West Indies.
DeleteAlso, some african americans served in the Revolutionary war as spies, posing as servants and slaves in order to uncover information that could be useful to the colonists. These spies included men like James Armistead. He posed as a runaway slave, and was the first african american double agent. While pretending to be a British spy, Armistead gained the confidence of General Benedict Arnold and General Cornwallis. Arnold was so persuaded of Armistead's act of being a runaway slave that he used him to guide British troops through local roads. Armistead often traveled between camps, spying on British officers, who spoke openly about their strategies in front of him. Armistead documented this information in written reports, delivered them to other American spies, and then returned to General Cornwallis's camp.
DeleteWith regard to the Constitution, who is called the father of the Constitution? Why? When was it written and finally adopted?
ReplyDeleteThe Constitution was a result of a convention in Philadelphia in 1787 that was called to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Father of the Constitution is James Madison, because of his instrumental work in the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The Constitution was barely ratified, at is required 9 out of the established 13 states to ratify it in special conventions called by the state. The division between two factions, the Federalists and the Antifederalist, threatened this ratification. However, after being signed into effect on September 17, 1787, the Constitution was ratified by Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and eventually New Hampshire in 1788. With this final ratification, the Constitution became the reigning document of the U.S. government. It was later ratified by Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and finally Rhode Island in 1780.
James Madison was known as the Father of the Constitution because he conceived the idea of separate powers. The legislative branch, which had two branches of it's own, an upper and lower house, the executive branch would be strong, and the judicial branch which would serve the purpose of guarding the rule of law and the constitutional separation of powers. He also helped develop the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which became known as the Bill of Rights.
DeleteWhat were the effects of the war on the colonists?
ReplyDeleteEconomically, the war put a strain on the money issues in America. Debts grew larger due to the war taking so much money from the colonists. On the political aspect, Americans no longer relied on the King of England. There was a new leader of the country though, George Washington. He was voted into office unanimously in order to restore the new country. Also, women could now divorce their husbands, but they would lose the land they had in the process. This began to work for women's right.
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Deletealso after the war the new country had debts to pay with other countries who helped them win the war in the first place. Also veterans of the war wanted their pay and their wasnt any money at the time to give them for fighting in the war
DeleteColonists now had a new nation to live on without the rule of another country. This meant that a government had to be put in order. So another effect of the war on the colonists would be the Articles of Confederation. This was America's first attempt at making a government. Although it was the first government, it wasn't the best. It gave the "states" too much power. Thus it was replaced by the U.S. constitution.
DeleteThe debt that the Americans faced after the Revolutionary was what prompted the Constitutional Convention in 1876 to revise the Articles of Confederation, as a major weakness of the Articles stated that Congress could not collect taxes. This ultimately led to the creation and ratification of the Constitution.
DeleteThe national debt was $25 million
DeleteBritish Advantages. They had experienced officers who had fought in a variety of European wars. They had the most well - trained army and the strongest navy in the world at the time They were well supplied with artillery, rations, gunpowder and firearms. British Disadvantages England being across the Atlantic Ocean meant that they had to wait months at a time for supplies to reach them from England. Used to European Wars, they had trouble adapting to the American Guerrilla War tactics.
ReplyDeleteAnother disadvantage would be that Brits did not know the land that they were fighting on, which made it harder for them to have good strategies.
DeleteDescribe the military, political, and economic advantages and disadvantages of the British and the American armies leading up to and during the war.
ReplyDeleteThe American Colonists had the military 'home-turf advantage during the revolutionary war. They knew the territory, and this way they could transport troops and supplies more quickly and efficiently than the British. They could also set up ambushes much more effectively than the British, because they knew the places where the British would most likely try to cross. The British, however, had the military advantage of having a better prepared army. They had well-trained, well-supplied troops that were experienced in battle and could be trusted to follow orders. The colonists, in contrast, had a ragtag group of men with little experience in fighting or in leadership, and were often poorly supplied with food, arms, or clothing.
The Colonists also had the political advantage of a cause for which to fight. While the British troops were fighting solely because they had been ordered to do so, the Americans had the zeal of an army fighting for a cause and their basic rights. This gave them much more will to fight than the British, which allowed them to persevere for a longer time.
The British, however, had the decisive economic advantage. Their troops were supplied by an organized government with plenty of capital to fund an army, whereas the colonial troops often faced very low amounts of gunpowder, clothing, and food. The British could afford to keep fighting for much longer, with better weapons and less hardship. Also, with the Quartering act of 1774, they were always assured a place to stay when in towns, as ordered by British law.
Describe the military, political, and economic advantages and disadvantages of the British and the American armies leading up to and during the war.
ReplyDeleteBritain's military was the best in the world. Their soldiers were well equipped, well disciplined, well paid, and well fed. The British navy dominated the seas. Funds were much more easily raised by the Empire than by the Continental Congress. The British fought a war far from home. Military orders, troops, and supplies sometimes took months to reach their destinations. The British had an extremely difficult objective. They had to persuade the Americans to give up their claims of independence. As long as the war continued, the colonists' claim continued to gain validity. The geographic vastness of the colonies proved a hindrance to the British effort.
Americans were fighting for their rights, their independence and their liberty. This cause is much more just than waging a war to deny independence. American military and political leaders were inexperienced, but proved surprisingly competent.
The war was expensive and the British population debated its necessity. In Parliament, there were many American sympathizers. Finally, the alliance with the French gave Americans courage and a tangible threat that tipped the scales in America's favor.
What were the major feature of the articles of confederation?
ReplyDeletethe articles of confederation were constructed to offer a very weak central government as those who were creating it feared a strong centralized force after they had been at the will of the British monarchy which was the very reason that the colonists rebelled in the first place.
achievements by the articles?
It was the government put in place by the colonists in order to get the support of the french. The french did not want to support a disorganized group in rebellion but thought their odds of winning might improve with an organized nation.
The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789.
DeleteDuring the American Revolution many major battles took place some of the most historical battles include The Siege of Fort Stanwix was conducted August 2 to 22, 1777, Part of the Saratoga Campaign, the Battle of Bennington was an American victory over the British. The battle occurred when American troops encountered British and Hessian forces that had been sent to raid the supply depot at Bennington, VT, The Battles of Saratoga were fought September 19 and October 7, 1777, in upstate New York. The Battle of Saratoga, comprising two significant battles during September and October of 1777, was a crucial victory for the Patriots during the American Revolution and is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War. Some of the Major generals include George Washington,Benedict Arnold, Nathanael Greene, Henry Knox.
ReplyDeleteActually, Benedict Arnold originally fought for the Continental army but then defected and fought for the British army therefor he probable wouldnt be considered a major general of the war but rather the biggest trator of the Revolutionary War.
DeleteWhat were the major battles of the war and which is considered the turning point and why? Who were the major Generals of the war?
ReplyDeleteA few of the major battles fought during the American Revolution include the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Battle of Trenton, and the Battle of Saratoga. The Battle of Bunker Hill occurred on June 16, 1775 and had an outcome of a British victory. An estimated 2,200 British troops who were led by Major General William Howe were harmed and 420 of American soldiers who were led by General Artemas Ward had been injured as well. The British victory made the colonies realize that the conflict was no longer a rebellion of the Bostonians and other colonies against British occupation, but that they had proved to themselves that they had the power to take on the British army. Many now realized that the war with colonies would be a hard and long one. The Battle of Trenton took place on December 26, 1776 with General George Washington leading the Continental Army and they defeated the Hessian mercenaries. A second battle took place on January second of the up coming year that held back the British as the Continental Army and Washington headed to Princeton. Lastly, the Battle of Saratoga which took place in September and October of 1777, was a turning point of the American Revolutionary War. There were actually two battles fought. The first involved General John Burgoyne and is generally referred to by historians as Freeman's Farm where a militia from Virginia harassed the British while other colonial forces charged in after them. The second battle was known as Bemis Heights when Burgoyne became determined to break free from the encircling colonial forces and drive them from the field and with this defeat Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777and from that day on was not given another command. These battles convinced the French to support the American military and aid them as well which is why it is considered the turning point of the American revolutionary War.
In the time it took for the Constitution to be ratified, Americans became divided by two precursors of the political party system- The Federalists, consisting of prominent revolutionaries such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison, and the Anti-federalists, who included Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. The Federalists favored a strong federal government, whereas the Anti-federalists were more fond of the states' sovereignty. The Federalists also believed a federal court system was needed to keep executive and legislative branches in check, and did not see a bill of rights as necessary. Anti-federalists, on the other hand, saw a federal judicial system as an extra expense and an infringement on states' rights and believed that a bill of rights was necessary in order to protect individual citizens' rights.
ReplyDeleteidk if this will count but its worth a shot so I am going to talk about who exactly were the major generals in the war.
ReplyDeleteThe major generals in the war were: Nathanael Greene "fighting quaker", George Washington, Henry Knox, Marquis De Lafayette, William Heath, Benjamin Lincoln, William Prescott, and Artemas Ward. However, it should also be mentioned that Benedict Arnold, and Horatio Gates were major war generals in the war but both of them were traitors and switched to fight for the British. Nathanael Greene fought during mainly in the South, William Heath in Lexington, Concord, and Long island mainly, Henry Knox was Major general and eventually became first secretory of war, George Washington was commander and chief and oversaw many battles, but was considered a great military mind, but not so much commander. William Prescott in battle of Bunker hill. Artemas War was another leader who oversaw many battles as well. Marquis De Lafayette was a unsung hero who was French fought in the Battle of Bunker hill and had great influence in the war. All of the generals were considered the leaders of the Revolutionary war and without them we would not have won most likely.
What was the role of women during the war?
ReplyDeleteDuring the American Revolution thousands of women took an active role in both the American and British armies. Most were the wives or daughters of officers or soldiers. These women, who maintained an almost constant presence in military camps, were known as "camp followers." Their duties consisted primarily of cooking, mending, laundry, childcare, and nursing the sick. As a camp follower, a woman was paid a small wage and was supplied with a half ration of food for herself.
Conversely, however, many women stayed home during the war. Those who stayed behind were responsible for running the family farm and/or business, and would oftentimes make uniforms for the soldiers, which they would send to the army alongside foodstuffs.
DeleteWhat were the beliefs of the Federalists and the Antifederalists? Which of the Founding Fathers were Federalists and which were Anti-Federalists? What did they each want to achieve with regard to a Constitution? Address the forces that shaped their views (ex. Shays's Rebellion)
ReplyDeleteWhen the Articles of Confederation were written, they had several limitations, which included a central government consisting of only a unicameral Congress (no executive or judiciary branches). This government, however, could not levy taxes, regulate inter-state commerce, no law enforcing powers, no process for amending the Articles. Additionally, all powers not specifically granted to Congress were retained for the States. Prompted by the weaknesses of the Articles and the 1786-1787 Shay's Rebellion (which emphasized the weaknesses of the Articles), delegates from all of the states met in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. Problem was, the delegates were divided into two factions: the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Led by Founding Fathers such as George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and John Jay, the Federalists favored the ratification of the Constitution, as well as a powerful federal government and no Bill of Rights (thought is was unnecessary). Their beliefs were as follows: they were conservative, pro Nation-state with central government; complex, commercial economy; British; international trade; land to speculators; loose construction of the Constitution, strong army to quell rebellion; national bank; and power in the hands of a "specialized" elite class. The Anti-Federalists, however, were of course anti-Federalist. Led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and Thomas Jefferson, the Anti-Federalists opposed the ratification of the Constitution, and advocated for a weak federal government that would not threaten states' rights, and a Bill of Rights. Their beliefs were such: they were liberal, pro state sovereignty; rural, agrarian economy ("yeoman farmers"); weak executive; French Revolution; land to farmers; strict construction of the government; weak army (believed it to be a threat to democracy); power in the hands of the people (some people anyway), and anti international trade and national bank.
What were some achievements of the AOC?
ReplyDeleteUnder the Articles of Confederation, which were fully ratified in 1781, the new Union discovered it's weaknesses. Although the Articles did not prove to be what the founding fathers thought it to be, there were some accomplishments to come out of them. One of these was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, in which each district in the Northwest Territory was to be governed by a governor and judges appointed by Congress until it attained a population of 5,000 adult free males, at which time it would become a territory and could form its own representative legislature. The Articles of Confederation also paved the way for the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which not only produced the Constitution of the United States but also a few radical political rebellions such as Shay's rebellion.